???? ???????

百度《马克斯·韦伯与德国政治：1890-1920》是德国历史学界的重要著作。

???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ??-??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.

????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-20, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? 2018 ??-26.8 ??????? ??????.^[1]

????????

???? 1972 ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????^[2] ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? Magnavox Odyssey. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.^[3]

???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.^[4]^[5] ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????.^[6]

?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????.^[7] ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????. ??????, ?-Port ?? ????? ??-?? ???????? Atari 2600 ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.^[8]

???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????, ????? "Adventure" ???? ???????? Atari 2600 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ????.^[9] ????? "Video Olympics" ???? ???????? Atari 2600 ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????.^[10] ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??'????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????.^[11]

????? ??? 1983 ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????.^[12]^[13] ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????.^[14]

?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-80 ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????.^[15] ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????^[16] ??? ???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.

???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????, ???? ???, ???????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??'??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????.

????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??-????? ??????? ???-??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????.

???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????-??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? Crash Bandicoot, GoldenEye 007, Resident Evil, Tomb Raider ??FIFA International Soccer. ????? "Resident Evil" ????? ?????? ?? ?'??? ????? ????????-????,^[17] ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?'??? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??'??? ????? ???????.

???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.^[18]

???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? PlayStation Network ??Xbox Live ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

?????, ????? ???? ?-21 ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? (???? ???????? Nintendo Wii) ?????? ?????? ????? (??? ???? ????? PlayStation VR (??')).

????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????

???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????:

???? ???? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Atari 2600 ? (??')

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Nintendo NES ? (??')

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Sega Genesis ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? SNES ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Game Boy ? (??')

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? PlayStation ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Nintendo 64 ? (??')

???? ????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? PlayStation 2 ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? GameCube ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Xbox ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Game Boy Advance ? (??')

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Xbox 360 ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? PlayStation 3 ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Wii ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Nintendo DS ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? PlayStation Portable ? (??')

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Wii U ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? PlayStation 4 ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Xbox One ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Nintendo Switch ? (??')
??????? ??????? ????? ???????? Nintendo 3DS ? (??')

??? ??

???? ?????

??????? ????????

???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????

????? ??????

^ "Global Console Games Market Projections to 2030 - the Competition of Mobile Gaming is a Fierce Industry Hurdle" (????? ????????). 7 ??????? 2019. {{cite press release}}: (????)
^ Kidwell, Emma (10 ?????? 2018). "Discovering the first video game commercial". www.gamasutra.com (???????). ???? ?-2025-08-05. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Knowles, Kitty (2025-08-05). "A history of videogames: the defining moments from Nimrod to now". British GQ. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-05. ???? ?-2025-08-05.
^ Barton, Matt and Loguidice, Bill. (May 8, 2008). A History of Gaming Platforms: Mattel Intellivision, Gamasutra.
^ Barton, Matt and Loguidice, Bill. (2007). A History of Gaming Platforms: The Vectrex, Gamasutra.
^ Lu, William. "Evolution of Video Game Controllers" (PDF). ????? ?-????? (PDF) ?-21 ??????? 2012. ???? ?-28 ???? 2013. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Andrew Rollings; Ernest Adams (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-59273-001-8.
^ Buchanan, Levi (26 ??????? 2008). "Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games". IGN (??????? ????????). ???? ?-25 ???? 2017. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. The idea of a game with a virtual space bigger than the screen had to be developed and implemented for the first time at some point. This was done by Warren Robinett, as he designed and programmed Adventure, {{cite book}}: (????)
^ Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. one of the VCS launch titles, Video Olympics, offered a one-player “Robot Pong” mode that provided an opponent who, although not anthropomorphic, managed to be challenging without being impossible to defeat. {{cite book}}: (????)
^ Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. Others remain infl uential, such as the graphical adventure game, the prototype of which was Atari’s Adventure, and the platformer, pioneered in Activision’s Pitfall! {{cite book}}: (????)
^ Richard Rouse; Steve Ogden (2005). Game Design: Theory & Practice. Wordware Pub. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-55622-912-1. In many console action games, different buttons on the controller will perform the same action.
^ David Sheff; Andy Eddy (1999). Game Over: How Nintendo Conquered the World. GamePress. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9669617-0-6. By 1983, the $3 billion video-game industry had turned into a trickle—$100 million in sales for the entire industry—yet Atari and dozens of other companies were still churning out games by the millions.
^ Adrian (9 ???? 2016). "INTERVIEW – DAVID CRANE (ATARI/ACTIVISION/SKYWORKS)". Arcade Attack. ???? ?-10 ???? 2016. {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Karl Gratzer; Dieter Stiefel (2008). History of Insolvency and Bankruptcy from an International Perspective. S?dert?rns h?gskola. p. 170. ISBN 978-91-89315-94-5. ...the effects of the video game crash of 1983 being more severe in the U.S. than in Europe and Japan.
^ "Player 3 Stage 6: The Great Videogame Crash". 7 ?????? 1999. ????? ?-????? ?-5 ?????? 2013. ???? ?-16 ??????? 2006. "The third member of the deadly troika that lays the videogame industry low is the home computer boom currently in full swing by 1984 {{cite web}}: (????)
^ Justin Speer and Cliff O'Neill. "The History of Resident Evil". GameSpot. ????? ?-????? ?-?????? 6, 2008. ???? ?-??? 28, 2017.
^ Tracy Fullerton (8 ??????? 2008). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games. CRC Press. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-240-80974-8. The computer game market is much smaller than the console game market {{cite book}}: (????)

[1] "Global Console Games Market Projections to 2030 - the Competition of Mobile Gaming is a Fierce Industry Hurdle" (????? ????????). 7 ??????? 2019. {{cite press release}}: (????)

[2] Kidwell, Emma (10 ?????? 2018). "Discovering the first video game commercial". www.gamasutra.com (???????). ???? ?-2025-08-05. {{cite web}}: (????)

[GQ-3] Knowles, Kitty (2025-08-05). "A history of videogames: the defining moments from Nimrod to now". British GQ. ????? ?-????? ?-2025-08-05. ???? ?-2025-08-05.

[Intellivision-4] Barton, Matt and Loguidice, Bill. (May 8, 2008). A History of Gaming Platforms: Mattel Intellivision, Gamasutra.

[Vectrex-5] Barton, Matt and Loguidice, Bill. (2007). A History of Gaming Platforms: The Vectrex, Gamasutra.

[stanford2-6] Lu, William. "Evolution of Video Game Controllers" (PDF). ????? ?-????? (PDF) ?-21 ??????? 2012. ???? ?-28 ???? 2013. {{cite web}}: (????)

[RollingsAdams2003_5-7] Andrew Rollings; Ernest Adams (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-59273-001-8.

[8] Buchanan, Levi (26 ??????? 2008). "Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games". IGN (??????? ????????). ???? ?-25 ???? 2017. {{cite web}}: (????)

[MontfortBogost2009-9] Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. The idea of a game with a virtual space bigger than the screen had to be developed and implemented for the first time at some point. This was done by Warren Robinett, as he designed and programmed Adventure, {{cite book}}: (????)

[MontfortBogost20092-10] Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. one of the VCS launch titles, Video Olympics, offered a one-player “Robot Pong” mode that provided an opponent who, although not anthropomorphic, managed to be challenging without being impossible to defeat. {{cite book}}: (????)

[MontfortBogost20093-11] Nick Montfort; Ian Bogost (9 ?????? 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-262-26152-4. Others remain infl uential, such as the graphical adventure game, the prototype of which was Atari’s Adventure, and the platformer, pioneered in Activision’s Pitfall! {{cite book}}: (????)

[RouseOgden2005-12] Richard Rouse; Steve Ogden (2005). Game Design: Theory & Practice. Wordware Pub. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-55622-912-1. In many console action games, different buttons on the controller will perform the same action.

[SheffEddy1999-2-13] David Sheff; Andy Eddy (1999). Game Over: How Nintendo Conquered the World. GamePress. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9669617-0-6. By 1983, the $3 billion video-game industry had turned into a trickle—$100 million in sales for the entire industry—yet Atari and dozens of other companies were still churning out games by the millions.

[aa20160509-14] Adrian (9 ???? 2016). "INTERVIEW – DAVID CRANE (ATARI/ACTIVISION/SKYWORKS)". Arcade Attack. ???? ?-10 ???? 2016. {{cite web}}: (????)

[GratzerStiefel2008-15] Karl Gratzer; Dieter Stiefel (2008). History of Insolvency and Bankruptcy from an International Perspective. S?dert?rns h?gskola. p. 170. ISBN 978-91-89315-94-5. ...the effects of the video game crash of 1983 being more severe in the U.S. than in Europe and Japan.

[crash-16] "Player 3 Stage 6: The Great Videogame Crash". 7 ?????? 1999. ????? ?-????? ?-5 ?????? 2013. ???? ?-16 ??????? 2006. "The third member of the deadly troika that lays the videogame industry low is the home computer boom currently in full swing by 1984 {{cite web}}: (????)

[GSREH-17] Justin Speer and Cliff O'Neill. "The History of Resident Evil". GameSpot. ????? ?-????? ?-?????? 6, 2008. ???? ?-??? 28, 2017.

[Fullerton2008-4-18] Tracy Fullerton (8 ??????? 2008). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games. CRC Press. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-240-80974-8. The computer game market is much smaller than the console game market {{cite book}}: (????)

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????? ?????	???? ???? (Hack and slash) ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? (???? ???? ????????) ? ???? ????? (???? ??? ???? ????? ? Shoot 'em up ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????)
????? ?????-????????	???? ???? GTA ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ???????-????
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????? ???????	???? ?????-??????? ? Dungeon crawler ? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ????
????? ????????	???? ???????? ???? ??? (???? ??????) ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? 4X ? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????????
????? ????????	????????? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ????) ? ????????? ???? (????????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????????) ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??? (????????? ???? ? ????????? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????)
????? ?????	???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????
????	???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??????? (Co-op ? PVP) ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? (???? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??????) ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????

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