???? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????.
????? ?? ??????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]??? ????? – ????? ?????
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 0–9. ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??: 2 – ???? ??????, 8 – ???? ?????? ?-16 – ???? ?????????.
????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? 613 ????? ?????? ???? ???"? ?????? ?????? ?-DCXIII ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????.
?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????.
??????? ???? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????: ????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ????? – ???? ?? ??? – ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???; ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? (?????? ????? ??????? ?? 2) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?-15.
?????? ???? ?-16, ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?-16 ??-17; ??1591 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?'?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (??? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??). ?? ???, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? (???????) ??? ?????? ?-a,b,c ????? ??????? ??????? ?-x,y,z ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????, ??????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?-17 ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ??"????" ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????.
????? ?? ??????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]
??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????:
- ?????? ??????: ???? ??????? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... . ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 0. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? .
- ?????? ?????: ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? 1-, 2-, 3-, ... ??? 0. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? .
- ?????? ?????????: ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?-0. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? . ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????, ?????? .
- ?????? ??????: ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? (?????) ?? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???-?????????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? . ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??-???????.
- ?????? ???????: ?????? ?????? , ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ?-. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? . ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- ???????????: ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ?-.
?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????:
- ?????? ????????: ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???? 1, ????? ??????? ?? 2 ?-.
- ?????? ????????????: ?????? ????? ????????, ???? π ?-e.
??? ??
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
- ?????? ??????
- ???? ??????
- ?????????
- ??????? ?????????? – ????? ???????
- ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ????? ???????, "???? ??????? ????????", ??? ?', ??? ?': "????? ???? ?????".
- ?'???' ????, ???????? ?????????????: ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????: ??? ?????, ???????: ????? ???? 1990.
- ?????? ?????, ???????, ?????? ?????, 2007, ???? "?????? ??????", ??' 32–50.
- Leo Corry, A Brief History of Numbers, Oxford University Press, 2015
- Midhat Gazalé, Number: From Ahmes to Cantor, Princeton University Press, 2000
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ??? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? "???? ????" ?? ?????????? ?? ????
- ????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
- ????, ???? MathWorld (???????)
????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????
?????? ?????? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | ||||||||||||||||
20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||
30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||
40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | ||||||||||||||||
50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
????? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
???? ?????? | ...0.999 | 666 | 1089 | 1729 | ???? ????? | ????? | ????????? | ???? ????? |