去年天津市工业供给侧改革成效显著 规上工业产能利用率77.1%
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百度 全面从严，重任在肩逆水行舟用力撑，一篙松劲退千寻。
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ????? ??????? "mineral" ????? ??????? minera, ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? mein, ??????? ??? "????".[2]
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??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????.[3] ??????:
- ????? – ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? "albus" ???? ????
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??-?? ?????? ????-?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-4,000 ???????[4] – ?-100 ??? ??????? "??????" ????? "??????" ?????? ????? – ????? ?? ???? ??????.
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???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??-??? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2000 ?"???? ????? ????" ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? 11 ?', ????? 4 ?' ?????? ?-55 ???. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?-C° 50 ????? ???? ?????? ???? – ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????.[5]
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??-?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???: ???? ??, ????????, ????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????.[6] ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-?? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?'??? ?? ???? (???? ?? ????, 721–803), ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?"??? ??????".[7] ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?-1820.
???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????, ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? (Torbern Bergman, 1735–1784) ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ????, ???? ???????? (Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, 1722–1765), ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????.
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???? ?? ????? ??-?? ?????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ?'???? ?????? ????? (James Dwight Dana, 1813–1895).[8] ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?-9 ??????:
- ?????? ?????? – ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??????: ??????? ??????.
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- ??????? ????????? (??????? ??????? ??? ?????), ????? ???????? – ?????? ??: ???????, ?????, ???? (????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????) ???????.
- ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? (Selenates) – ??????? ?????? ??: ???? ??????.
- ??????? ???????, ???????? (?????? ??????) ???????? (Vanadates, ??????? ??????) – ?????? ??: ???????? (Beryllonite), ?????, ????? (Lammerite), ????????? (Brazilianite) ???????? (Berlinite).
- ??????? ????????[9] – ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? (Moolooite) – ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????.[10]
- ??????? ????????? – ????? ??????? ?? ???????? – ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?-7 ?????? ???????:
- ??????????? – ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????????, ????? ??????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????????, ????? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????? ??????.
- ???????????? – ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 2:7, ????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? – ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????.
- ????????????? – ??????? ????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? – ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????.
- ???????????? – ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ?????????????? (??????????, ??????? ????????) ?????? ????????.
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- ???????????? – ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?-75% ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????, ????? ?????????????, ????? ????????, ????? ????????? ???????? ??????.
- ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? – ?????-???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? (Cryptophyllite), ?????? (Chantalite) ??????? (Fukalite).
?? ???? ???? ?? ???? "???? ????? ????", ?????? ?-9 ?????? ?????? ??-78 ??????-????.[11]
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? "????? ??????????" ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (Karl Hugo Strunz 1910–2006) ???? 1941, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??-?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.[12] ????? ?????????? ??????? ????,[13] ?????? ??????? ??? – ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? (Ernest H. Nickel) – ????? "????-??????"[14] ???? ?????? ?-10 ??????-????:
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??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??????: ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??-??????? FeS2, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???. ????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??????: ???? ??????? ????? – ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? – ?????? ????? ???????.
????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????: ????? – ????? 1–2 ????? ???, ???? ????? – ????? 10 ????? ???.
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- ?????? ???????? – ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????.
?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? 1995 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? – ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? – ????? ????? – ????? ???? ????????????.[1]
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?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-5,000 ??????? ??????,[15] ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??:
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- ?' ??????? ??' ????, ???? ??, ????? ??? ????? ?????
- Encyclopedia of Geology, Elsevier Academic Press, First edition 2005, ISBN 0-12-636380-3, ??? 3, ??' 488–503
??????? ????????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]
- ??? Mindat
- ??? WebMineral
- ??? Mineral Galleries
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- ??? ?????? ????-?????? ??????????
- ????? ????? ??????????, 1912 ???? ???? ?????
- ???? ????? ??????? ???? Mindat
- Humans help cook up mineral bounty – ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?-200 ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ?-BBC
- ?????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ^ 1 2 ????? ?????
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- ^ 1 2 ????? "?????" ?-1995 ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??-??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????
- ^ R. M. Clarke ?-I. R. Williams, Moolooite, a naturally occurring hydrated copper oxalate from Westers Australia
- ^ ???? ????? ????
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- ^ ???? "????-??????"
- ^ ??-?? ??? Webmineral, ???? 2009 ??? ?????? 4,714 ???????
- ^ Igneous Rocks: From Fire to Stone
- ^ ????? ????? ???? ???? ??
